Showing 1-20 of 49 for: Essential Evidence Topics > Perinatal and infant 
- Abdominal pain (pediatric)
Essential Evidence Topics, 13-Oct-2022
Overall Bottom Line: Differentiate abdominal from extra-abdominal etiology ( and ). When there is uncertainty regarding the pain's origin, ultrasound is the first step in evaluation. Early administration of pain medications provides relief to the pati
- Acute gastroenteritis and dehydration (child)
Essential Evidence Topics, 29-Jul-2022
Overall Bottom Line: Clinical history and physical examination should be the basis for diagnosing acute gastroenteritis and the degree of dehydration. Laboratory tests are not recommended for routine cases. Combinations of findings are most effective in
- Autism
Essential Evidence Topics, 26-Dec-2021
Overall Bottom Line: AAP guidelines (but not USPSTF) recommend screening all children at 18 and 24 months of age by using the M-CHAT tool. Refer children suspected of having an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) for both educational intervention services (s
- Bronchiolitis and RSV (children)
Essential Evidence Topics, 12-Apr-2023
Overall Bottom Line: Bronchiolitis is a viral illness of the lower respiratory tract in infants that causes tachypnea, bronchospasm, and mucous production. Diagnosis of bronchiolitis is made clinically based on the history and physical examination. Tr
- Cerebral palsy
Essential Evidence Topics, 3-Jun-2022
Overall Bottom Line: The use of electronic fetal monitoring, cesarean delivery, or any other intervention during delivery has not been shown to prevent cerebral palsy (CP) in term infants born to low-risk mothers. Magnesium sulfate given to women at ris
- Child abuse and neglect
Essential Evidence Topics, 18-Aug-2021
Bottom Line: Child abuse and neglect are prevalent medical and social issues. Providers have a professional and legal obligation to follow-up on clinical suspicions of child abuse or neglect. Appropriate responses should be multidisciplinary (medical,
- Circumcision (procedure)
Essential Evidence Topics, 27-May-2021
Indications for procedure: The specialty board position statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics (also endorsed by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology) states that benefits of neonatal circumcision outweigh the risks and that the pr
- Colic
Essential Evidence Topics, 3-Feb-2023
Overall Bottom Line: Organic disease is uncommon; a community-based study with consistent evaluation of organic etiologies has not been performed to date. Diagnosis is predominantly clinical; colic is usually defined as unexplained paroxysmal bouts of f
- Constipation (child)
Essential Evidence Topics, 7-Feb-2022
Overall Bottom Line: A thorough history and physical exam are sufficient to diagnose children with functional constipation in most cases. Fever, abdominal distension, bloody diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and poor weight gain are sym
- Croup
Essential Evidence Topics, 10-May-2019
Overall Bottom Line: Clinical symptoms include seal-like barky cough, inspiratory stridor, and hoarseness. Give oral dexamethasone (dose 0.15-0.6 mg/kg) to any patient who presents with croup symptoms. Nebulized epinephrine can be given to patients wi
- Cystic fibrosis
Essential Evidence Topics, 20-Mar-2023
Overall Bottom Line: Screen newborns for cystic fibrosis (CF) using an IRT-based protocol. The sweat chloride test is the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis, in conjunction with DNA testing (see ). Initiate pancreatic enzyme replacement in patient
- Developmental and intellectual delay (pediatric)
Essential Evidence Topics, 2-Mar-2023
Overall Bottom Line: Adhere to standard recommendations regarding prenatal and perinatal screening and prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal prevention of mental retardation. The diagnostic yield of clinical assessment ranges from 17.2% to 34.2%. For patie
- Diaper dermatitis
Essential Evidence Topics, 5-Jan-2021
Overall Bottom Line: Recommend diligent diaper changing practices, avoidance of diapers for as long as possible, prompt caregiver attention to treating mild dermatitis, cleansing with nonperfumed, nonalcohol-containing, and disposable soft baby wipes or w
- DiGeorge syndrome
Essential Evidence Topics, 5-Jul-2021
Overall Bottom Line: Suspect DiGeorge syndrome in a newborn or infant with hypocalcemia, nasopharyngeal reflux, dysmorphic facial features involving the ears and nose, hyperterlolism (particularly present in Caucasian infants), absent thymus, and/or conge
- Encopresis in children
Essential Evidence Topics, 19-Aug-2021
Overall Bottom Line: A thorough history and physical examination is sufficient to diagnose children with functional constipation and encopresis in most cases. Fever, abdominal distension, anorexia, bloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, or poor
- Failure to thrive
Essential Evidence Topics, 1-Feb-2021
Overall Bottom Line: Close monitoring of growth parameters is essential to diagnosing failure to thrive (FTT). Measure and plot height/length, weight, and head circumference at every well child visit. If no clear cause is found after a thorough history
- Follow-up of the premature infant
Essential Evidence Topics, 13-Oct-2022
Bottom Line: Arrange follow-up prior to discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Refer to an ophthalmologist for follow-up assessment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Perform a hearing screening prior to discharge from the NICU. C
- Hand, foot, and mouth disease
Essential Evidence Topics, 26-Jan-2022
Overall Bottom Line: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is an enteroviral infection characterized by typical oral lesions, fever, and rash. Consider HFMD in patients with a nonspecific prodrome, stomatitis, and vesicular rash involving the palms and s
- Heart murmurs (child)
Essential Evidence Topics, 7-Jan-2022
Overall Bottom Line: Screen for heart murmurs in childhood and as a part of the preparticipation examination for young athletes. Heart murmurs in childhood are common, and the great majority are benign. Most, but not all, congenital heart defects caus
- Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
Essential Evidence Topics, 11-Apr-2023
Overall Bottom Line: Screen all pregnant women by checking blood type, RhD status, and antibody screen at the first prenatal visit. Administer 300 μg of RhD immunoglobulin to all unsensitized RhD-negative women at 24 to 28 weeks’ gestation, after any po
