Showing 1-20 of 72 for: Essential Evidence Topics > Oncology 
- Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma)
Essential Evidence Topics, 30-Mar-2022
Overall Bottom Line: Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) is an important consideration in a patient presenting with asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss. Use auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry for the initial evaluation; however, if the
- Acromegaly
Essential Evidence Topics, 27-Jul-2021
Overall Bottom Line: Acromegaly carries significant risk of morbidity/mortality and a high index of suspicion should be maintained when considering biochemical screening. Serum IGF-1 level is the best initial biochemical test. If elevated (for age/sex),
- Actinic keratosis
Essential Evidence Topics, 20-Jul-2022
Overall Bottom Line: Suspect actinic keratosis (AK) in patients with rough, scaly patches of skin in sun-exposed areas. Consider biopsy when lesions are ulcerated, bleeding, or persistent despite adequate treatment, or if there are concerns for overt cuta
- Asbestosis
Essential Evidence Topics, 3-Jun-2022
Overall Bottom Line: Asbestosis typically presents with gradual worsening dyspnea on exertion, accompanied by end-inspiratory basilar rales that persist after coughing on clinical examination. The chest x-ray findings of small, irregular opacities in th
- Bladder tumors
Essential Evidence Topics, 24-Dec-2021
Overall Bottom Line: The most common presenting symptom of bladder tumor is painless hematuria. Cystoscopy and transurethral resection of the tumor are the best procedures for diagnosis and pathologic staging. The natural history of nonmuscle invasive
- Brain tumor (benign)
Essential Evidence Topics, 1-Nov-2022
Overall Bottom Line: Benign brain tumors can present as an incidental finding, or with a wide range of neurologic and endocrine symptoms related to the tumor histology, size, and location. Surgery is generally the primary treatment, but radiation therap
- Brain tumor (malignant)
Essential Evidence Topics, 11-Nov-2022
Overall Bottom Line: Obtain neuroimaging on patients with suspicious findings on neurological examination, altered mental status that is otherwise unexplained, or with symptoms or signs of increased neurological pressure. The extent of extracranial dise
- Breast cancer
Essential Evidence Topics, 24-Jun-2022
Overall Bottom Line: Conduct periodic individual risk assessments with patients and discuss the potential harms and benefits of screening. Radiologic examination should be correlated with clinical breast examination (CBE) findings to guide further diagn
- Breast lump
Essential Evidence Topics, 29-Aug-2022
Overall Bottom Line: Clinical breast examination is not reliable for differentiating benign from malignant breast masses. American College of Radiology guidelines (ACR, 2016) recommend ultrasound for women younger than 30 years and mammography or digita
- Carcinoid tumors
Essential Evidence Topics, 7-Oct-2020
Overall Bottom Line: Carcinoid tumors are rare neuroendocrine tumors with an indolent course whose embryologic origins reflect their primary occurrence in the gut. Initial symptoms may include bowel dysmotility syndromes, valvular cardiac disease, and r
- Cervical cancer
Essential Evidence Topics, 21-Dec-2022
Overall Bottom Line: Offer the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine to adolescents who are 11 to 12 years of age. Vaccination is also recommended through age 26 years for those not adequately vaccinated when younger. Start cervical cancer screening at age
- Colonoscopy (procedure)
Essential Evidence Topics, 9-Dec-2022
Background: Indications for Procedure Screening colonoscopy Colonoscopy is performed to evaluate an asymptomatic patient for cancer or polyps believed to be precursors of colorectal cancer. (CRC) There is indirect evidence from observational studies tha
- Colorectal cancer
Essential Evidence Topics, 9-Dec-2022
Overall Bottom Line: The USPSSTF recommends starting screening in average-risk adults at the age of 45 using any of the following: biennial fecal immunochemical test (FIT); flexible sigmoidoscopy every 10 years with biennial FIT; fecal DNA every 1 to 3
- Cryosurgery of skin lesions
Essential Evidence Topics, 13-Feb-2022
Indications for procedure: Destruction of warts, molluscum, or condyloma as therapy. Destruction of actinic keratoses. Destruction of benign lesions for cosmetic reasons—skin tags, seborrheic keratoses. Decreasing pigmentation in lesions for cosmetic reas
- Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome
Essential Evidence Topics, 24-Jun-2022
Overall Bottom Line: Suspect cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in patients with persistent skin rash in the form of patches, plaques, or erythroderma, which may be localized or widespread. Patients frequently have been previously (incorrectly) diagnosed wi
- Ductal carcinoma in situ of breast
Essential Evidence Topics, 8-Sep-2021
Overall Bottom Line: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) comprises a heterogeneous group of precancerous breast lesions, each having a somewhat different prognosis and management strategy. Because of this heterogeneity and because 80% of the lesions are nonpa
- Erythroplasia, leukoplakia, and early oral/oropharyngeal cancer
Essential Evidence Topics, 3-Aug-2022
Overall Bottom Line: Abstinence from tobacco and limited alcohol intake (ie, 8 oz wine, 2 cans beer) is recommended. Leukoplakia should be followed carefully. If changes in thickness or development of inflammation after 14 days, recommend biopsy. Lesion
- Esophageal cancer
Essential Evidence Topics, 3-Jul-2022
Overall Bottom Line: Esophageal cancer is typically diagnosed in older men with symptoms of dysphagia and weight loss. Pathologic diagnosis is required and tissue is obtained by endoscopic biopsy and cytology. Tumor location and staging determine ther
- Ewing sarcoma
Essential Evidence Topics, 30-Dec-2021
Overall Bottom Line: Patients require complete evaluation of primary tumor and possible metastatic sites. Combination chemotherapy with a regimen that includes doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and etoposide improves outcomes. Local control strategies remain c
- Follow-up of the patient with cancer
Essential Evidence Topics, 20-Jul-2022
Bottom Line: Cancer survivors should be strongly advised to stop using tobacco products, and provided assistance with tobacco cessation. Breast cancer survivors should receive annual mammography on remaining breast tissue. Colorectal cancer survivors
