- Token economy for schizophrenia
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 10-Nov-2008
A token economy is a behavioural therapy technique in which the desired change is achieved by means of tokens administered for the performance of predefined behaviours according to a program. Though token economy programmes were widespread in the 1970s th - Tolerability of selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors used for the treatment of rheumatological manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 21-Oct-2014
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to reduce inflammatory pain and swelling in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients with rheumatological manifestations. While these drugs effectively reduce musculoskeletal pain and stiffness, long - Tongue scraping for treating halitosis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 26-May-2016
Halitosis is used to describe any disagreeable odour of expired air regardless of its origin. Mouthwashes which disguise oral malodor are more socially acceptable and generally more popular than tongue scrapers. - Tongxinluo (Tong xin luo or Tong‐xin‐luo) capsule for unstable angina pectoris
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 18-Oct-2006
Tongxinluo capsule is a medicine consisting of traditional Chinese herbs and insects used for cardiovascular diseases in China and some other Asian countries. To date the evidence of its effect has not previously been subject to systematic review, making - Tongxinluo capsule for acute stroke
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 8-Oct-2008
Tongxinluo capsules are a compound of Chinese traditional medicine which contain substances that are thought to have vasodilatory, antiplatelet, anticoagulant, thrombolytic and even lipid-lowering properties, and therefore may improve outcome after acute - Tong-xin-luo capsule for patients with coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 11-May-2015
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a standard treatment for coronary heart disease (CHD). Restenosis, defined as a 50% reduction in luminal diameter at six months after PCI, indicates a need for revascularisation. Restenosis has proven to be a ma - Tonsillectomy for periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis syndrome (PFAPA)
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 30-Dec-2019
Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome is a rare clinical syndrome of unknown cause usually identified in children. Tonsillectomy is considered a potential treatment option for this syndrome. This is an upd - Tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy versus non-surgical management for obstructive sleep-disordered breathing in children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 29-Sep-2015
Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (oSDB) is a condition that encompasses breathing problems when asleep, due to an obstruction of the upper airways, ranging in severity from simple snoring to obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). It affects both - Tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy versus non‐surgical treatment for chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 19-Nov-2014
Surgical removal of the tonsils, with or without adenoidectomy (adeno-/tonsillectomy), is a common ENT operation, but the indications for surgery are controversial. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in The Cochrane Library in Issue 3, - Tonsillectomy versus tonsillotomy for obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing in children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 29-Apr-2020
Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (oSDB) is a condition encompassing breathing problems when asleep due to upper airway obstruction. In children, hypertrophy of the tonsils and/or adenoids is thought to be the commonest cause. As such, (adeno)tonsill - Tools developed and disseminated by guideline producers to promote the uptake of their guidelines
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 19-Aug-2016
The uptake of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) is inconsistent, despite their potential to improve the quality of health care and patient outcomes. Some guideline producers have addressed this problem by developing tools to encourage faster adoption of - Topical agents and dressings for fungating wounds
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 15-May-2014
Fungating wounds arise from primary, secondary or recurrent malignant disease and are associated with advanced cancer. A small proportion of patients may achieve healing following surgical excision, but treatment is usually palliative. Fungating wound man - Topical agents or dressings for pain in venous leg ulcers
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 14-Nov-2012
Venous leg ulcers affect up to 1% of people at some time in their lives and are often painful. The main treatments are compression bandages and dressings. Topical treatments to reduce pain during and between dressing changes are sometimes used. - Topical anaesthesia for needle-related pain in newborn infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 31-Jan-2017
Hospitalised newborn neonates frequently undergo painful invasive procedures that involve penetration of the skin and other tissues by a needle. One intervention that can be used prior to a needle insertion procedure is application of a topical local anae - Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine versus topical anaesthesia alone for phacoemulsification cataract surgery in adults
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 28-Jul-2020
Phacoemulsification cataract surgery is usually performed in adults under local anaesthesia. Topical anaesthesia, which involves instilling anaesthetic drops to the ocular surface prior to and during surgery, has found large acceptance internationally. It - Topical anaesthetic or vasoconstrictor preparations for flexible fibre-optic nasal pharyngoscopy and laryngoscopy
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 15-Feb-2011
Nasal pharyngolaryngoscopy (NPL) is performed as an outpatient and inpatient procedure on a daily basis, for a variety of indications. It frequently causes some degree of discomfort to the patient. Various different topical agents, which are intended to r - Topical anaesthetics for pain control during repair of dermal laceration
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 22-Feb-2017
Topical local anaesthetics provide effective analgesia for patients undergoing numerous superficial procedures, including repair of dermal lacerations. The need for cocaine in topical anaesthetic formulations has been questioned because of concern about a - Topical analgesia for acute otitis media
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 21-Jun-2011
Acute otitis media (AOM) is a spontaneously remitting disease of which pain is the most distressing symptom. Antibiotics are now known to have less benefit than previously assumed. Topical pain relief may be a satisfactory intervention for AOM sufferers a - Topical analgesics for acute and chronic pain in adults ‐ an overview of Cochrane Reviews
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 12-May-2017
Topical analgesic drugs are used for a variety of painful conditions. Some are acute, typically strains or sprains, tendinopathy, or muscle aches. Others are chronic, typically osteoarthritis of hand or knee, or neuropathic pain. - Topical and device‐based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 16-Jan-2020
Onychomycosis refers to fungal infections of the nail apparatus that may cause pain, discomfort, and disfigurement. This is an update of a Cochrane Review published in 2007; a substantial amount of new research warrants a review exclusively on toenails.
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