- Opioids for the palliation of refractory breathlessness in adults with advanced disease and terminal illness
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 2-Jul-2019
Breathlessness is a common and disabling symptom which affects many people with advanced cardiorespiratory disease and cancer. The most effective treatments are aimed at treating the underlying disease. However, this may not always be possible, and sympto - Opportunities provision for preventing youth gang involvement for children and young people (7-16)
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 24-Oct-2016
Youth gangs have long been studied in the United States and interest elsewhere is increasing. Many studies document a robust and consistent relationship between gang membership and elevated delinquency. One theory of gang involvement, drawing on anomie an - Optical reading aids for children and young people with low vision
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 12-Feb-2015
Low vision in childhood is a significant barrier to learning and development, particularly for reading and education. Optical low vision aids may be used to maximise the child's functional vision. The World Health Organization (WHO) has previously highlig - Optimal intensity and type of leg exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 5-Jun-2014
Intensity of exercise is considered a key determinant of training response, however, no systematic review has investigated the effects of different levels of training intensity on exercise capacity, functional exercise capacity and health-related quality - Optimal loading dose of warfarin for the initiation of oral anticoagulation
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 5-Nov-2012
Warfarin is used as an oral anticoagulant. However, there is wide variation in patient response to warfarin dose. This variation, as well as the necessity of keeping within a narrow therapeutic range, means that selection of the correct warfarin dose at t - Optimal monitoring strategies for guiding when to switch first-line antiretroviral therapy regimens for treatment failure in adults and adolescents living with HIV in low-resource settings
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 18-Jan-2011
One of the critical clinical decisions made in antiretroviral therapy (ART) is when to switch from an initial regimen to another due to treatment failure. This complex process requires consideration of multiple factors including: (1) what type of monitori - Optimal primary surgical treatment for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 21-Sep-2016
Ovarian cancer is the sixth most common cancer among women. In addition to diagnosis and staging, primary surgery is performed to achieve optimal cytoreduction (surgical efforts aimed at removing the bulk of the tumour) as the amount of residual tumour is - Optimal time for initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected, treatment-naive children aged 2 to 5 years old
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 20-Aug-2013
The use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) comprising three antiretroviral medications from at least two classes of drugs is the current standard treatment for HIV infection in adults and children. Current World Health Organization (WHO) guideli - Optimal timing for intravascular administration set replacement
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 13-Dec-2018
The tubing (administration set) attached to both venous and arterial catheters may contribute to bacteraemia and other infections. The rate of infection may be increased or decreased by routine replacement of administration sets. This review was originall - Optimisation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children under 3 years of age
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 1-Mar-2014
In the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), over 50% of HIV-infected infants progress to AIDS and death by 2 years of age. However, there are challenges to initiation of ART in early life, including the possibility of drug resistance in the context of - Optimisation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for untreated Hodgkin lymphoma patients with respect to second malignant neoplasms, overall and progression-free survival: individual participant data analysis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 13-Sep-2017
Efficacy and the risk of severe late effects have to be well-balanced in treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Late adverse effects include secondary malignancies which often have a poor prognosis. To synthesise evidence on the risk of secondary malignancie - Optimum duration of regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 13-Nov-2013
The optimal duration for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication therapy is controversial, with recommendations ranging from 7 to 14 days. Several systematic reviews have attempted to address this issue but have given conflicting results and limited t - Options for self-management education for adults with asthma
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 29-Mar-2009
Asthma education and self-management are key recommendations of asthma management guidelines because they improve health outcomes. There are several different modalities for the delivery of asthma self-management education. - Oral adsorbents for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 8-Oct-2014
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem which is at high increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and renal failure. Deterioration of kidney function causes an increase in circulating toxins, which, in turn promotes the pro - Oral analgesia for relieving post-caesarean pain
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 1-Apr-2015
Oral analgesia is a convenient and widely used form of pain relief following caesarean section. It includes various medications used at different doses alone or in adjunction to other form of analgesia. - Oral anticoagulants for preventing stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and no previous history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 3-Sep-2008
Non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of stroke mediated by embolism of stasis-precipitated thrombi from the left atrial appendage. - Oral anticoagulants versus antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and no history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 6-Mar-2011
Non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) carries an increased risk of stroke mediated by embolism of stasis-precipitated thrombi originating in the left atrial appendage. Both oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents have proven effective for stroke preve - Oral anti-diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 20-Jan-2017
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a major public health issue with rates increasing globally. Gestational diabetes, glucose intolerance first recognised during pregnancy, usually resolves after birth and is associated with short- and long-term compli - Oral antifungal medication for toenail onychomycosis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 14-Jul-2017
Fungal infection of the toenails, also called onychomycosis, is a common problem that causes damage to the nail's structure and physical appearance. For those severely affected, it can interfere with normal daily activities. Treatment is taken orally or a - Oral antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations for the common cold
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 24-Dec-2011
Although combination formulas containing antihistamines, decongestants and/or analgesics are sold over-the-counter (OTC) in large quantities for the common cold, the evidence of effectiveness is limited.
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