- Initial arch wires used in orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 30-Jul-2018
Initial arch wires are the first arch wires to be inserted into the fixed appliance at the beginning of orthodontic treatment and are used mainly for the alignment of teeth by correcting crowding and rotations. With a number of different types of orthodon - Initial management strategies for dyspepsia
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 23-Jul-2009
This review considers management strategies (combinations of initial investigation and empirical treatments) for dyspeptic patients. Dyspepsia was defined to include both epigastric pain and heartburn. - Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 4-Oct-2018
Pain during dental treatment, which is a common fear of patients, can be controlled successfully by local anaesthetic. Several different local anaesthetic formulations and techniques are available to dentists. - Injection allergen immunotherapy for asthma
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 28-Jun-2010
Allergen specific immunotherapy has long been a controversial treatment for asthma. Although beneficial effects upon clinically relevant outcomes have been demonstrated in randomised controlled trials, there remains a risk of severe and sometimes fatal an - Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 12-Apr-2011
Injection sclerotherapy is widely used for superficial varicose veins. The treatment aims to obliterate the lumen of varicose veins or thread veins. There is limited evidence regarding its efficacy. - Injection therapies for Achilles tendinopathy
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 21-May-2015
Achilles tendinopathy is a common condition, often with significant functional consequences. As a wide range of injection treatments are available, a review of randomised trials evaluating injection therapies to help inform treatment decisions is warrante - Inpatient versus other settings for detoxification for opioid dependence
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 24-Jun-2008
There are a complex range of variables that can influence the course and subjective severity of opioid withdrawal. There is a growing evidence for the effectiveness of a range of medically-supported detoxification strategies, but little attention has been - Insecticide space spraying for preventing malaria transmission
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 1-Nov-2018
Space spraying is the dispersal of a liquid fog of insecticide into an outdoor area to kill adult insects. It has been regularly used in public health and pest control programmes, including use as an emergency response to malaria epidemics. This Cochrane - Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 11-May-2009
Malaria in pregnancy is associated with adverse consequences for mother and fetus. Protection with insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) during pregnancy is widely advocated, but evidence of their benefit has been inconsistent. - Insoles for prevention and treatment of back pain
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 16-Feb-2010
There is lack of theoretical and clinical knowledge of the use of insoles for prevention or treatment of back pain. The high incidence of back pain and the popularity of shoe insoles call for a systematic review of this practice. - Inspiratory muscle training for the recovery of function after stroke
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 28-Mar-2012
Inspiratory muscle weakness has been observed in patients with stroke. Inspiratory muscle training is an intervention that has shown possible effects for functional recovery of patients with stroke. - Institutional versus at-home long term care for functionally dependent older people
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 2-Nov-2008
An increasing number of functionally dependent older people require care and medical treatment. Increasingly governments are shifting resources into community care expecting both reduction in costs and improvement in the quality of care. However, it is di - Insulin detemir versus insulin glargine for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 6-Jul-2011
Chronically elevated blood glucose levels are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Many diabetes patients will eventually require insulin treatment to maintain good glycaemic control. There are still uncertainties about the optimal insulin - Insulin for glycaemic control in acute ischaemic stroke
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 21-Jan-2014
People with hyperglycaemia concomitant with an acute stroke have greater mortality, stroke severity, and functional impairment when compared with those with normoglycaemia at stroke presentation. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2 - Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 5-Nov-2017
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with short- and long-term complications for the mother and her infant. Women who are unable to maintain their blood glucose concentration within pre-specified treatment targets with diet and lifestyle inte - Insulin monotherapy versus combinations of insulin with oral hypoglycaemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 27-Oct-2008
It is unclear whether patients with type 2 diabetes who have poor glycaemic control despite maximal oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs) should be commenced on insulin as monotherapy, or insulin combined with oral hypoglycaemic agents (insulin-OHA combination - Insulin secretagogues for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 17-Oct-2016
The projected rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) could develop into a substantial health problem worldwide. Whether insulin secretagogues (sulphonylureas and meglitinide analogues) are able to prevent or delay T2DM and its associated - Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 16-Feb-2018
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterised by infrequent or absent ovulation, and high levels of androgens and insulin (hyperinsulinaemia). Hyperinsulinaemia occurs secondary to insulin resistance and is associated with increased risk of cardiovasc - Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 8-Oct-2013
In people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) there is considerable variation in symptoms, limitations and well-being, which often complicates medical care. To improve quality of life (QoL) and exercise tolerance, while reducing the number o - Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) strategy for children under five
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 22-Jun-2016
More than 7.5 million children younger than age five living in low- and middle-income countries die every year. The World Health Organization (WHO) developed the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) strategy to reduce mortality and morbidity
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