- Opioids for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 25-Feb-2020
Pain is a common feature of childhood and adolescence around the world, and for many young people, that pain is chronic. The World Health Organization guidelines for pharmacological treatments for children's persisting pain acknowledge that pain in childr - Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation
Cochrane Systematic Reviews,
Mechanical ventilation is a potentially painful and discomforting intervention widely used in neonatal intensive care units. Newborn babies (neonates) demonstrate increased sensitivity to pain, which may affect clinical and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Th - Opioids for neuropathic pain
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 11-Jan-2019
This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review published in Issue 3, 2006, which included 23 trials. The use of opioids for neuropathic pain remains controversial. Studies have been small, have yielded equivocal results, and have not establish - Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation
Cochrane Systematic Reviews,
Mechanical ventilation is a potentially painful and discomforting intervention that is widely used in neonatal intensive care. Newborn infants demonstrate increased sensitivity to pain, which may affect clinical and neurodevelopmental outcomes. The use of - Opioids for restless legs syndrome
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 19-Aug-2016
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a distressing and common neurological disorder that may have a huge impact in the quality of life of those with frequent and intense symptoms. Patients complain of unpleasant sensations in the legs, at or before bedtime, an - Opioids for the management of breakthrough pain in cancer patients
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 12-Oct-2015
This review is an update of a previously published review in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Issue 1, 2006). Breakthrough pain is a transient exacerbation of pain that occurs either spontaneously or in relation to a specific predictable or un - Opioids for the palliation of breathlessness in advanced disease and terminal illness
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 19-Jul-2013
Breathlessness is a common symptom in people with advanced disease. The most effective treatments are aimed at treating the underlying cause of the breathlessness but this may not be possible and symptomatic treatment is often necessary. Strategies for th - Opioids for the palliation of refractory breathlessness in adults with advanced disease and terminal illness
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 2-Jul-2019
Breathlessness is a common and disabling symptom which affects many people with advanced cardiorespiratory disease and cancer. The most effective treatments are aimed at treating the underlying disease. However, this may not always be possible, and sympto - Opportunities provision for preventing youth gang involvement for children and young people (7-16)
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 24-Oct-2016
Youth gangs have long been studied in the United States and interest elsewhere is increasing. Many studies document a robust and consistent relationship between gang membership and elevated delinquency. One theory of gang involvement, drawing on anomie an - Optic nerve head and fibre layer imaging for diagnosing glaucoma
Cochrane Systematic Reviews,
The diagnosis of glaucoma is traditionally based on the finding of optic nerve head (ONH) damage assessed subjectively by ophthalmoscopy or photography or by corresponding damage to the visual field assessed by automated perimetry, or both. Diagnostic ass - Optical coherence tomography (OCT) for detection of macular oedema in patients with diabetic retinopathy
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 13-Apr-2015
Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is a thickening of the central retina, or the macula, and is associated with long-term visual loss in people with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO) is the most severe form of DMO. Almost - Optical coherence tomography for diagnosing skin cancer in adults
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 22-Dec-2018
Early accurate detection of all skin cancer types is essential to guide appropriate management and to improve morbidity and survival. Melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are high-risk skin cancers, which have the potential to metastasise and ultima - Optical correction of refractive error for preventing and treating eye symptoms in computer users
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 10-Apr-2018
Computer users frequently complain about problems with seeing and functioning of the eyes. Asthenopia is a term generally used to describe symptoms related to (prolonged) use of the eyes like ocular fatigue, headache, pain or aching around the eyes, and b - Optical reading aids for children and young people with low vision
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 12-Feb-2015
Low vision in childhood is a significant barrier to learning and development, particularly for reading and education. Optical low vision aids may be used to maximise the child's functional vision. The World Health Organization (WHO) has previously highlig - Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 4-Jul-2012
Although the health benefits of breastfeeding are widely acknowledged, opinions and recommendations are strongly divided on the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Since 2001, the World Health Organization has recommended exclusive breastfeeding - Optimal intensity and type of leg exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 5-Jun-2014
Intensity of exercise is considered a key determinant of training response, however, no systematic review has investigated the effects of different levels of training intensity on exercise capacity, functional exercise capacity and health-related quality - Optimal loading dose of warfarin for the initiation of oral anticoagulation
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 5-Nov-2012
Warfarin is used as an oral anticoagulant. However, there is wide variation in patient response to warfarin dose. This variation, as well as the necessity of keeping within a narrow therapeutic range, means that selection of the correct warfarin dose at t - Optimal monitoring strategies for guiding when to switch first-line antiretroviral therapy regimens for treatment failure in adults and adolescents living with HIV in low-resource settings
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 18-Jan-2011
One of the critical clinical decisions made in antiretroviral therapy (ART) is when to switch from an initial regimen to another due to treatment failure. This complex process requires consideration of multiple factors including: (1) what type of monitori - Optimal primary surgical treatment for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 21-Sep-2016
Ovarian cancer is the sixth most common cancer among women. In addition to diagnosis and staging, primary surgery is performed to achieve optimal cytoreduction (surgical efforts aimed at removing the bulk of the tumour) as the amount of residual tumour is - Optimal time for initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected, treatment-naive children aged 2 to 5 years old
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 20-Aug-2013
The use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) comprising three antiretroviral medications from at least two classes of drugs is the current standard treatment for HIV infection in adults and children. Current World Health Organization (WHO) guideli
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