Showing 841-860 of 1270 for: Cochrane Systematic Reviews > Special categories 
- Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 22-Jun-2008
Proximal Femoral Fracture (PFF) or 'hip fracture' is a frequent injury, and adverse outcomes are common. Several factors suggest the importance of developing techniques to optimize intravascular fluid volume. These may include protocols that enhance the e
- Perioperative ketamine for acute postoperative pain
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 23-Sep-2010
Postoperative pain management is often limited by adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting. Adjuvant treatment with an inexpensive opioid-sparing drug such as ketamine may be of value in giving better analgesia with fewer adverse effects.
- Perioperative local anaesthesia for reducing pain following tonsillectomy
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 10-Nov-2008
Pain relief after tonsillectomy is an important part of post-operative management. Sometimes local anaesthetics are administed to the tonsillar region, but their effectiveness in relieving pain has not been formally assessed.
- Personal assistance for adults (19-64) with both physical and intellectual impairments
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 12-Nov-2008
There is a high incidence of impairments among working age adults, and their prevalence is increasing in the West. Many countries offer personal assistance in the form of individualised support for people living in the community by a paid assistant other
- Personal assistance for older adults (65+) without dementia
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 12-Nov-2008
There is a high prevalence of impairments among people 65+, and the elderly population is increasing in the West. Many countries offer personal assistance, individualised support for people living in the community by a paid assistant other than a healthca
- Personalised risk communication for informed decision making about taking screening tests
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 8-Nov-2011
There is a trend towards greater patient involvement in healthcare decisions. Adequate discussion of the risks and benefits associated with different choices is often required if involvement is to be genuine and effective. Achieving both the adequate invo
- Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co-payment on rational drug use
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 17-Mar-2009
Growing expenditures on prescription drugs represent a major challenge to many health systems. Cap and co-payment (direct cost-share) policies are intended as an incentive to deter unnecessary or marginal utilisation, and to reduce third-party payer expen
- Pharmaceutical policies: effects of financial incentives for prescribers
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 5-Sep-2011
Pharmaceuticals, while central to medical therapy, pose a significant burden to health care budgets. Therefore regulations to control prescribing costs and improve quality of care are implemented increasingly. These include the use of financial incentives
- Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 17-Mar-2009
Pharmaceuticals can be important for people's health. At the same time drugs are major components of health care costs. Pharmaceutical pricing and purchasing policies are used to determine or affect the prices that are paid for drugs. Examples are price c
- Pharmacologic therapies for adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 8-Jun-2010
Multiple pharmacologic treatments have been studied for acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
- Pharmacological interventions for epilepsy in people with intellectual disabilities
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 15-Feb-2011
The development of epilepsy in a person with intellectual disabilities is common. Seizures in intellectually disabled people are often complex and refractory to treatment and antiepileptic medication may have a profound effect upon behaviour in this patie
- Pharmacological interventions for treating acute heterotopic ossification
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 11-Apr-2010
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of mature lamellar bone in soft tissue sites outside the skeleton. HO frequently complicates burns, arthroplasty, fractures, and spinal cord and brain injuries. It can impair joint function.
- Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in the elderly
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 9-Nov-2010
Elevated blood pressure (known as hypertension) increases with age, and most rapidly over age 60. Systolic hypertension is more strongly associated with cardiovascular disease than diastolic hypertension, and occurs more commonly in older people. It is
- Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 3-Nov-2008
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent and disabling disorder. Evidence that PTSD is characterised by specific psychobiological dysfunctions has contributed to a growing interest in the use of medication in its treatment.
- Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) versus laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopia
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 10-Nov-2008
Myopia (also known as short-sightedness or near-sightedness) is an ocular condition in which the refractive power of the eye is greater than is required, resulting in light from distant objects being focused in front of the retina instead of directly on i
- Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 9-Apr-2008
Physical activity is beneficial for healthy ageing. It may also help maintain good cognitive function in older age. Aerobic activity improves cardiovascular fitness, but it is not known whether this sort of fitness is necessary for improved cognitive func
- Physical activity programs for promoting bone mineralization and growth in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 11-Jan-2010
Lack of physical stimulation may contribute to metabolic bone disease of preterm infants resulting in poor bone mineralization and growth. Physical activity programs combined with adequate nutrition might help to promote bone mineralization and growth.
- Physical conditioning programs for improving work outcomes in workers with back pain
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 18-Jan-2011
Physical conditioning programs aim to improve work status for workers on sick leave. This is an update of a Cochrane Review (Work conditioning, work hardening and functional restoration for workers with back and neck pain) first published in 2003.
- Physical exercise for sleep problems in adults aged 60+
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 11-Nov-2008
The prevalence of sleep problems in adulthood increases with age. While not all sleep changes are pathological in later life, severe disturbances may lead to depression, cognitive impairments, deterioration of quality of life, significant stresses for car
- Physical fitness training for stroke patients
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 12-Sep-2011
Levels of physical fitness are low after stroke. It is unknown whether improving physical fitness after stroke reduces disability.
